Mesolithic

waiting for translation Mapa Evropy se na konci paleolitu prudce mění tak, jak roztávají velké ledovce. Voda v oceánech a mořích rychle stoupá. Velké části souše jsou rychle zaplavovány a jedním z nejdramatičtějších postupů vody bylo zalití severozápadní části černého moře, které do té doby bylo samostatným jezerem. Oteplení mění proudy vody v oceánech, mění se klima, začíná se dařit lesům a terén se pro vegetační pokryv stává méně průchodným. Jednotlivá etnika jsou tím více lokálně izolovaná, než v předchozích civilizacích.

A camp of hunters and gatherers on the Dřínová Hill (a reconstructional imitation)

The reconstructional imitation of the settlement at the foot of the Dřínová Hill by Tišnov and Předklášteří. The dwellings with floors below the ground level were discovered during the research in the 1970.

From the life of the hunters and gatherers in their camp on the Dřínová Hill (a reconstructional imitation)

The patterns on the paddle and the clothes are depicted according to various artefacts from other sites. A bow is an ideal weapon for reindeer, deer and boars hunting. Fish were caught from three watercourses nearby. This picture shows well-insulated dwellings with thick walls, suitable for a long-term winter habitation. This corresponds with the fact that the foundations were below the ground level.

There has been discovered a unique settlement at the foot of the Dřínová Hill. The foundations of the dwellings were below the ground level. Both the foundations and the floors were made of stones. The site represents one of the best discernible remains of Palaeolithic dwellings in Central Europe. The location of the site is typical of the end of the Palaeolithic. Three watercourses and their valleys meet there, and it follows that the hunters could monitor herds of animals and there were also good conditions for fishing and waterbird catching. Stone tools belong to the Tišnovian culture, which bears mainly elements typical of the Mesolithic, but components of the Pavlovian tradition are also present. As for the stone tools, the archaeological situation on the Dřínová Hill is quite specific. The climate grew warmer at the end of the Palaeolithic, and that is why it was not necessary to process stones close to warm dwellings. The result is that a large number of stone tools accumulated in one location, which is usual on the Upper Palaeolithic sites, does not practically occur in this period. The Dřínová site is unique from this point of view, because a number of such artefacts unearthed here is much higher than in other archaeological sites of the end of the Palaeolithic.

The end of the Palaeolithic in Europe was accompanied by decline of the hunting way of life, and gathering was becoming more and more important. It was a result of gradual (but still fluctuating) warming, which brought about more resources of plant food. (Gathering was not new, it existed during the Upper Palaeolithic where climatic conditions permitted, but was of minor importance.) Warming caused retreat of tundra and forest steppes and spreading of forests. Herd animals declined, large-scale migrations of animals and people were ceasing and close cultural connections of the continent disappeared.

The Epipalaeolithic – Mesolithic 10,000 – 6,000 years ago

A compound microlithic point of a weapon from eastern Europe (a reconstructional transformation)

The term Mesolithic, literally “the middle Stone Age”, should have originally referred to the whole epoch. The grandiose name, coined under the influence of gradualism, actually refers to only several thousand years. The term Epipalaeolithic rightfully evokes a notion of declination of the Palaeolithic traditions of the Northern-type hunters surviving into a warmer period. The climatic conditions had changed and the largest part of Europe had temperate climate. Subsequently, the role of gathering increased, and therefore we call the Mesolithic societies hunter-gatherers. On some sites, agriculture emerged as an alternative to hunting and gathering. The settlements of the hunter-gatherers were not big, the floors of the dwellings were often below the ground. The settlements arose next to the sources of food (banks of a river or a lake). There were unearthed many burials (even containing several tens of bodies) in the same places, where the dead bodies lay in crouched positions and were covered with red ochre. Sometimes there are indications of unnatural deaths, probably in warlike conflicts. Many remarkable objects, such as sledgehammers, wraps on stone flakes and larger complete parts of microlithic weapons.

waiting for translation Pro rekonstrukční transformace jsou naprosto ideálním materiálem skalní výjevy z obrysového levantského umění – levantský styl. Například z Cueva del Aqua, Cueva Saltadora (rokle Valltorta, východní pobřeží Španělska). Jedná se o černé nebo červené, vzácně i bílé malby na skalách. Na rozdíl od předchozího dochovaného umění se jedná o skutečné výjevy ze života, lovecké scény, válečné výpravy, cesta za medem, obřady atd. Už Jan Jelínek poukazoval na to, že tyto malby prozrazují ,,…mnohé podrobnosti o oděvu a výzbroji tehdejších lidí.“ (Velký obrazový atlas pravěkého člověka, 1977). Sledujeme zde účesy, náramky, oděvy, tašky, košík, toulce, šípy, luky. Některé luky z Aqua Amargy a Alpery vypadají, že kostra luku má záporné zpětné pnutí a to na třech nebo alespoň na jednom místě. Kostra má pak tvar písmene M nebo písmen vVv. Takové zbraně by měly mít vynikající vlastnosti, při relativně menší velikosti mají větší dostřel a průraznost. Podle doprovodného archeologického materiálu se dají tyto malby řadit do pozdního paleolitu až neolitu, tedy mezi 10 až 7 tisíci roky před námi. Malby se dochovaly jen díky specifickým klimatickým podmínkám ve Španělsku.

Next period

Previous period

First agriculturalists

Magdalenian

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Introduction to reconstructive paleoetnologie - reconstructive paleoetnologie textbooks for high schools, the basic methodology for dealing with materials around the capabilities and behavior of ancient ethnic options rekonstrukční paleoetnologie (only in Czech version - use online translator) - www.rekonstrukcepraveku.wz.cz